Reclaimed wastewater as an ally to global freshwater sources: a PESTEL evaluation of the barriers

Abstract Together with climate change, rising living standards throughout the world have put pressure on existing freshwater sources and increased global water scarcity. The reclaimed wastewater projects face obstacles in sustainable implementation. This paper reviews Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental Legal (PESTEL) factors that act as barriers to successful implementation of wastewater. Owing COVID-19, pandemic presence severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) wastewater, future consequences operations public acceptance systems are discussed. review will be useful for experts, researchers project planners appropriate measures reuse projects.